?Levedo de cerveja? na alimenta??o de ovinos e su?nos: intoxica??es natural e experimental, margem de seguran?a e profilaxia

Detalhes bibliográficos
Ano de defesa: 2012
Autor(a) principal: Gama, Ana Paula de Arag?o lattes
Orientador(a): Peixoto, Paulo Fernando de Vargas lattes
Banca de defesa: Nogueira, Vivian de Assun??o, Malafaia, Pedro Ant?nio Muniz, Gra?a, Fl?vio Augusto Soares, Silva, Paulo C?sar Amaral Ribeiro da
Tipo de documento: Tese
Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
Idioma: por
Instituição de defesa: Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro
Programa de Pós-Graduação: Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncias Veterin?rias
Departamento: Instituto de Veterin?ria
País: Brasil
Palavras-chave em Português:
Levedo de cerveja
intoxica??o por etanol
ovinos
su?nos
Palavras-chave em Inglês:
Beer yeast
ethanol poisoning
sheep
pigs.
Área do conhecimento CNPq:
Medicina Veterin?ria
Link de acesso: https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1891
Resumo: Considering the practice of using liquid alcoholic yeast (beer yeast) - a byproduct of the brewery industry - for animal feed on some farms in the southern Fluminense region of Brazil, this study was made to establish the safety margin and the clinic-pathological picture of the intoxication characterized mainly by staggering gait, trips and falls; furthermore, to suggest preventive measures that could avoid or minimize this type of alcoholic intoxication in sheep and pigs. It was seen that the clinic-pathologic picture of the experimental intoxication by beer yeast in sheep, and the natural and experimental intoxication in pigs, is similar to that observed in other animal species poisoned by ethanol, or in cattle by beer yeast. Concentrations of 3.8 and 8.875mL/kg of ethanol contained in the yeast, caused respectively mild to moderate clinical signs and severe ones in sheep. As prophylactic measures are suggested (1) appropriated dilution of beer yeast in water or with beer yeast already stored on the farm (old yeast), (2) beer yeast administration proportionally to animal weight/size, (3) continuous administration without interruption, providing other food is given, as soybean or corn meal, with water ad libitum. It was concluded that despite beer yeast is increasingly used for sheep, pigs and cattle on farms in southern Rio de Janeiro state - since many farmers apply one or more prophylactic measure suggested here - ethanol intoxication through beer yeast is uncommon and death rarely occurs; so, the yeast could be used, providing the prophylactic measures are observed.
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spelling Peixoto, Paulo Fernando de VargasCPF: 270.761.210-34http://lattes.cnpq.br/3002512195318611Fran?a, Ticiana do Nascimento279719705http://lattes.cnpq.br/3545873525091315Nogueira, Vivian de Assun??oMalafaia, Pedro Ant?nio MunizGra?a, Fl?vio Augusto SoaresSilva, Paulo C?sar Amaral Ribeiro daCPF: 100.402.717-65http://lattes.cnpq.br/8094841357060805Gama, Ana Paula de Arag?o2017-07-19T12:01:37Z2012-08-31GAMA, Ana Paula de Arag?o. ?Levedo de cerveja? na alimenta??o de ovinos e su?nos: intoxica??es natural e experimental, margem de seguran?a e profilaxia. 2012. 78 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ci?ncias Veterin?rias) - Instituto de Veterin?ria, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, 2012.https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1891Considering the practice of using liquid alcoholic yeast (beer yeast) - a byproduct of the brewery industry - for animal feed on some farms in the southern Fluminense region of Brazil, this study was made to establish the safety margin and the clinic-pathological picture of the intoxication characterized mainly by staggering gait, trips and falls; furthermore, to suggest preventive measures that could avoid or minimize this type of alcoholic intoxication in sheep and pigs. It was seen that the clinic-pathologic picture of the experimental intoxication by beer yeast in sheep, and the natural and experimental intoxication in pigs, is similar to that observed in other animal species poisoned by ethanol, or in cattle by beer yeast. Concentrations of 3.8 and 8.875mL/kg of ethanol contained in the yeast, caused respectively mild to moderate clinical signs and severe ones in sheep. As prophylactic measures are suggested (1) appropriated dilution of beer yeast in water or with beer yeast already stored on the farm (old yeast), (2) beer yeast administration proportionally to animal weight/size, (3) continuous administration without interruption, providing other food is given, as soybean or corn meal, with water ad libitum. It was concluded that despite beer yeast is increasingly used for sheep, pigs and cattle on farms in southern Rio de Janeiro state - since many farmers apply one or more prophylactic measure suggested here - ethanol intoxication through beer yeast is uncommon and death rarely occurs; so, the yeast could be used, providing the prophylactic measures are observed.Considerando a pr?tica de utilizar ?levedo? l?quido (alco?lico) (LC) - subproduto da ind?stria cervejeira - na alimenta??o de animais, em alguns estabelecimentos da Regi?o Sul Fluminense, esse estudo foi realizado para estabelecer as margens de seguran?a e o quadro cl?nico-patol?gico caracterizado principalmente por andar cambaleante, trope?os e quedas; bem como sugerir medidas profil?ticas que impe?am ou minimizem esse tipo de intoxica??o alco?lica para ovinos e su?nos. Verificou-se que o quadro cl?nico-patol?gico na intoxica??o experimental em ovinos e nas intoxica??es natural e experimental em su?nos, ? semelhante ao observado em outras esp?cies intoxicadas por etanol ou em bovinos pelo LC. Concentra??es de 3,8 e 8,875mL/kg de etanol contido no LC, causaram quadros cl?nicos de leve a moderado e grave em ovinos, respectivamente. Como medidas profil?ticas sugere-se: dilui??o adequada do LC com ?gua, soro de leite ou com o LC j? estocado na propriedade (LC antigo); administra??o do LC proporcional ao peso/tamanho dos animais, administra??o cont?nua, sem interrup??es, disponibilizar outro alimento no cocho, como farelo de soja ou fub? de milho e ?gua ? vontade. Conclui-se que apesar do ?levedo de cerveja? ser cada vez mais utilizado nas propriedades criadoras de ovinos, su?nos e bovinos, no sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro j? que, muitos propriet?rios aplicam uma ou mais medidas profil?ticas aqui sugeridas, as intoxica??es pelo etanol, contido no LC s?o pouco frequentes e raramente ocorrem mortes, de forma que esse produto deve ser utilizado, desde que as medidas profil?ticas sejam observadasSubmitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-19T12:01:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Ana Paula de Arag?o Gama.pdf: 10152074 bytes, checksum: cf829662b7139672b123740c06d787f0 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-19T12:01:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Ana Paula de Arag?o Gama.pdf: 10152074 bytes, checksum: cf829662b7139672b123740c06d787f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31FAPERJ - Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiroapplication/pdfhttps://tede.ufrrj.br/retrieve/5623/2012%20-%20Ana%20Paula%20de%20Arag%c3%a3o%20Gama.pdf.jpghttps://tede.ufrrj.br/retrieve/20354/2012%20-%20Ana%20Paula%20de%20Arag%c3%a3o%20Gama.pdf.jpghttps://tede.ufrrj.br/retrieve/26625/2012%20-%20Ana%20Paula%20de%20Arag%c3%a3o%20Gama.pdf.jpghttps://tede.ufrrj.br/retrieve/33048/2012%20-%20Ana%20Paula%20de%20Arag%c3%a3o%20Gama.pdf.jpghttps://tede.ufrrj.br/retrieve/39482/2012%20-%20Ana%20Paula%20de%20Arag%c3%a3o%20Gama.pdf.jpghttps://tede.ufrrj.br/retrieve/45872/2012%20-%20Ana%20Paula%20de%20Arag%c3%a3o%20Gama.pdf.jpghttps://tede.ufrrj.br/retrieve/52206/2012%20-%20Ana%20Paula%20de%20Arag%c3%a3o%20Gama.pdf.jpghttps://tede.ufrrj.br/retrieve/58714/2012%20-%20Ana%20Paula%20de%20Arag%c3%a3o%20Gama.pdf.jpgporUniversidade Federal Rural do Rio de JaneiroPrograma de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncias Veterin?riasUFRRJBrasilInstituto de Veterin?riahanol intoxication in calves fed certain milk replacers. 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Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal, v.18, p.233-252, 2002. WHITE, R.W., LINDSAY, D.B., ASH, R.W. Ethanol production from glucose by Torulopsis glabrata occurring naturally in the stomachs of newborn animals. Journal Appl. Bact., v.35, p.631-646, 1972. WILLIAMS, P.E. et al. Effect of the inclusion of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae plus growth medium) in the diet of dairy cows on milk yield and forage degradation and fermentation patterns in the r?men of steers. Journal of Animal Science, v.69, p.3016-3026, 1991. WIJAYASINGHE, M.S. et al. A yeast related ethanol intoxication syndrome in experimental calves: prevention with nystatin. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, v.25, p. 251-253, 1984Beer yeastethanol poisoningsheeppigs.Levedo de cervejaintoxica??o por etanolovinossu?nosMedicina Veterin?ria?Levedo de cerveja? na alimenta??o de ovinos e su?nos: intoxica??es natural e experimental, margem de seguran?a e profilaxiaBeer yeast for sheep and pig feeding: natural and experimental intoxication, safety margin and preventioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJinstname:Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)instacron:UFRRJTHUMBNAIL2012 - Ana Paula de Arag?o Gama.pdf.jpg2012 - Ana Paula de Arag?o Gama.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg1943http://localhost:8080/tede/bitstream/jspui/1891/18/2012+-+Ana+Paula+de+Arag%C3%A3o+Gama.pdf.jpgcc73c4c239a4c332d642ba1e7c7a9fb2MD518TEXT2012 - Ana Paula de Arag?o Gama.pdf.txt2012 - Ana Paula de Arag?o Gama.pdf.txttext/plain229528http://localhost:8080/tede/bitstream/jspui/1891/17/2012+-+Ana+Paula+de+Arag%C3%A3o+Gama.pdf.txtb36615b038228e947923593edc58e8f9MD517ORIGINAL2012 - Ana Paula de Arag?o Gama.pdf2012 - Ana Paula de Arag?o Gama.pdfapplication/pdf3400110http://localhost:8080/tede/bitstream/jspui/1891/19/2012+-+Ana+Paula+de+Arag%C3%A3o+Gama.pdf5cde116e942bb268223ab34a722e402aMD519LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-82089http://localhost:8080/tede/bitstream/jspui/1891/1/license.txt7b5ba3d2445355f386edab96125d42b7MD51jspui/18912021-11-25 18:59:49.922oai:localhost: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Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertaçõeshttps://tede.ufrrj.br/PUBhttps://tede.ufrrj.br/oai/requestbibliot@ufrrj.br||bibliot@ufrrj.bropendoar:2021-11-25T20:59:49Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)false
dc.title.por.fl_str_mv ?Levedo de cerveja? na alimenta??o de ovinos e su?nos: intoxica??es natural e experimental, margem de seguran?a e profilaxia
dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv Beer yeast for sheep and pig feeding: natural and experimental intoxication, safety margin and prevention
title ?Levedo de cerveja? na alimenta??o de ovinos e su?nos: intoxica??es natural e experimental, margem de seguran?a e profilaxia
spellingShingle ?Levedo de cerveja? na alimenta??o de ovinos e su?nos: intoxica??es natural e experimental, margem de seguran?a e profilaxia
Gama, Ana Paula de Arag?o
Beer yeast
ethanol poisoning
sheep
pigs.
Levedo de cerveja
intoxica??o por etanol
ovinos
su?nos
Medicina Veterin?ria
title_short ?Levedo de cerveja? na alimenta??o de ovinos e su?nos: intoxica??es natural e experimental, margem de seguran?a e profilaxia
title_full ?Levedo de cerveja? na alimenta??o de ovinos e su?nos: intoxica??es natural e experimental, margem de seguran?a e profilaxia
title_fullStr ?Levedo de cerveja? na alimenta??o de ovinos e su?nos: intoxica??es natural e experimental, margem de seguran?a e profilaxia
title_full_unstemmed ?Levedo de cerveja? na alimenta??o de ovinos e su?nos: intoxica??es natural e experimental, margem de seguran?a e profilaxia
title_sort ?Levedo de cerveja? na alimenta??o de ovinos e su?nos: intoxica??es natural e experimental, margem de seguran?a e profilaxia
author Gama, Ana Paula de Arag?o
author_facet Gama, Ana Paula de Arag?o
author_role author
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv Peixoto, Paulo Fernando de Vargas
dc.contributor.advisor1ID.fl_str_mv CPF: 270.761.210-34
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://lattes.cnpq.br/3002512195318611
dc.contributor.advisor-co1.fl_str_mv Fran?a, Ticiana do Nascimento
dc.contributor.advisor-co1ID.fl_str_mv 279719705
dc.contributor.advisor-co1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://lattes.cnpq.br/3545873525091315
dc.contributor.referee1.fl_str_mv Nogueira, Vivian de Assun??o
dc.contributor.referee2.fl_str_mv Malafaia, Pedro Ant?nio Muniz
dc.contributor.referee3.fl_str_mv Gra?a, Fl?vio Augusto Soares
dc.contributor.referee4.fl_str_mv Silva, Paulo C?sar Amaral Ribeiro da
dc.contributor.authorID.fl_str_mv CPF: 100.402.717-65
dc.contributor.authorLattes.fl_str_mv http://lattes.cnpq.br/8094841357060805
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Gama, Ana Paula de Arag?o
contributor_str_mv Peixoto, Paulo Fernando de Vargas
Fran?a, Ticiana do Nascimento
Nogueira, Vivian de Assun??o
Malafaia, Pedro Ant?nio Muniz
Gra?a, Fl?vio Augusto Soares
Silva, Paulo C?sar Amaral Ribeiro da
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Beer yeast
ethanol poisoning
sheep
pigs.
topic Beer yeast
ethanol poisoning
sheep
pigs.
Levedo de cerveja
intoxica??o por etanol
ovinos
su?nos
Medicina Veterin?ria
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Levedo de cerveja
intoxica??o por etanol
ovinos
su?nos
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv Medicina Veterin?ria
description Considering the practice of using liquid alcoholic yeast (beer yeast) - a byproduct of the brewery industry - for animal feed on some farms in the southern Fluminense region of Brazil, this study was made to establish the safety margin and the clinic-pathological picture of the intoxication characterized mainly by staggering gait, trips and falls; furthermore, to suggest preventive measures that could avoid or minimize this type of alcoholic intoxication in sheep and pigs. It was seen that the clinic-pathologic picture of the experimental intoxication by beer yeast in sheep, and the natural and experimental intoxication in pigs, is similar to that observed in other animal species poisoned by ethanol, or in cattle by beer yeast. Concentrations of 3.8 and 8.875mL/kg of ethanol contained in the yeast, caused respectively mild to moderate clinical signs and severe ones in sheep. As prophylactic measures are suggested (1) appropriated dilution of beer yeast in water or with beer yeast already stored on the farm (old yeast), (2) beer yeast administration proportionally to animal weight/size, (3) continuous administration without interruption, providing other food is given, as soybean or corn meal, with water ad libitum. It was concluded that despite beer yeast is increasingly used for sheep, pigs and cattle on farms in southern Rio de Janeiro state - since many farmers apply one or more prophylactic measure suggested here - ethanol intoxication through beer yeast is uncommon and death rarely occurs; so, the yeast could be used, providing the prophylactic measures are observed.
publishDate 2012
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv 2012-08-31
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv 2017-07-19T12:01:37Z
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
format doctoralThesis
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv GAMA, Ana Paula de Arag?o. ?Levedo de cerveja? na alimenta??o de ovinos e su?nos: intoxica??es natural e experimental, margem de seguran?a e profilaxia. 2012. 78 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ci?ncias Veterin?rias) - Instituto de Veterin?ria, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, 2012.
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1891
identifier_str_mv GAMA, Ana Paula de Arag?o. ?Levedo de cerveja? na alimenta??o de ovinos e su?nos: intoxica??es natural e experimental, margem de seguran?a e profilaxia. 2012. 78 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ci?ncias Veterin?rias) - Instituto de Veterin?ria, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, 2012.
url https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1891
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv por
language por
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