Identificação e determinação de fármacos ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos e seus metabólitos em efluente hospitalar
Ano de defesa: | 2012 |
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Autor(a) principal: | |
Orientador(a): | |
Banca de defesa: | , , , |
Tipo de documento: | Tese |
Tipo de acesso: | Acesso aberto |
Idioma: | por |
Instituição de defesa: |
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
|
Programa de Pós-Graduação: |
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química
|
Departamento: |
Química
|
País: |
BR
|
Palavras-chave em Português: | |
Palavras-chave em Inglês: | |
Área do conhecimento CNPq: | |
Link de acesso: | http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4242 |
Resumo: | A new analytical methodology was developed in order to investigate the presence of five psychoactive drugs (anxiolytic and antiepileptics), namely, bromazepam, carbamazepine, clonazepam, diazepam, and lorazepam in the effluent of the University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM) of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), since these compounds are widely used in the treatment of anxiety and epilepsy. Samples were collected from two points to check the concentration of the compounds: Point A (Emergency) and point B (General Effluent - which covers the Central Library and HUSM). The method of clean-up/pre-concentration by solid phase extraction (SPE) was used to assess the occurrence of anxiolytic and antiepileptic drugs in the effluent of HUSM. Three methods were developed and validated to determine these compounds: i) high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLCUV), ii) high performance liquid chromatography with detection by mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and iii) liquid chromatography-ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (LCMS/ MS_Qtrap). Among the methods evaluated, LC-MS/MS_Qtrap with electrospray in positive mode yielded better results. The detection limit (LOD, S/N ≥3) for lorazepam and bromazepam was 4.90±0.95 ng L-1 and for carbamazepine, clonazepam and diazepam, 6.10±1.50 ng L-1. The limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N ≥10) was 30.00±1.10 ng L-1 bromazepam , clonazepam and lorazepam; 50.00±1.81 ng L-1, carbamazepine; and 40.00±0.98 ng L-1 diazepam. The linear range of the assay (LC-MS/MS_Qtrap) was 30-1500 ng L-1 for bromazepam; 50-2500 ng L-1, carbamazepine; 30-2500 ng L-1, clonazepam; 40-2500 ng L-1, diazepam; and 30 - 2000 ng L-1, lorazepam. The correlation coefficient (R2>0.997) for all compounds. The effectiveness of the methodology was verified by recovery with the fortification of three concentration levels in triplicate samples of hospital effluent. The average recovery rates observed were: 93.9±2.1% for bromazepam; 92.6±4.2%, carbamazepine; 93.9%±3.0 clonazepam; 91.8%±6.0 for diazepam; and 93.8%±4.3 for lorazepam. The mean concentrations of psychiatric drugs detected in the effluent of the Emergency and General Effluent were respectively: 195.0±6.4 ng L-1 and 137.1±7.0 ng L-1 for bromazepam; 589.6±6.1 ng L-1, and 460.7±9.3 ng L-1, carbamazepine; 645.0±0.3 ng L-1 and 571.0± 9.9ng L-1, diazepam; 95.7±6.7 ng L-1 and 42.4±4.2 ng L-1 lorazepam; and 134.3 ± 9.8 ng L-1 and 56.9 ± 9.9 ng L-1 clonazepam. The identification of metabolites in the hospital effluent was made through (LCMS/ MS_Qtrap). The metabolites identified were: 3-hydroxybromazepam (bromazepam), 7- aminoclonazepam (clonazepam), carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide, 10-dihydroxy-10,11- dihydrocarbamazepine, iminoquinone, 2-hydroxy-carbamazepine and acridone (carbamazepine), and nordiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam (diazepam), and their fragmentation pathways were proposed. Was performed a preliminary risk assessment of anxiolytic and antiepileptic drugs with the aid of literature data and found that the carbamazepine and diazepam compounds showed the highest risk (0.85 and 0.90, respectively) among the compounds analyzed. According to the results we can say that they present medium risk requiring more attention in terms of toxicity. However, no literature data were found on the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) for bromazepam, lorazepam, clonazepam, not allowing the calculation of risk quotient (RQ) for these compounds.Therefore, we observed the occurrence of anxiolytic and antiepileptic drugs in the effluent of HUSM at concentrations in the order of ng L-1. The analytical method for LC-MS/MS_Qtrap developed for the determination of psychoactive drugs (bromazepam, carbamazepine, clonazepam, diazepam and lorazepam) in hospital effluent proved to be sensitive and selective, eliminating laborious sample handling and requiring chromatographic run of just 15 minutes. The occurrence of these drugs and environmental risks associated demonstrate the need for more efficient treatment for the hospital effluent. |
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2013-12-272013-12-272012-12-06ALMEIDA, Carlos Alberto Araujo de. Identification and determination of metabolites of antiepileptic and anxiolytic drugs in hospital effluent. 2012. 167 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química) - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 2012.http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4242A new analytical methodology was developed in order to investigate the presence of five psychoactive drugs (anxiolytic and antiepileptics), namely, bromazepam, carbamazepine, clonazepam, diazepam, and lorazepam in the effluent of the University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM) of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), since these compounds are widely used in the treatment of anxiety and epilepsy. Samples were collected from two points to check the concentration of the compounds: Point A (Emergency) and point B (General Effluent - which covers the Central Library and HUSM). The method of clean-up/pre-concentration by solid phase extraction (SPE) was used to assess the occurrence of anxiolytic and antiepileptic drugs in the effluent of HUSM. Three methods were developed and validated to determine these compounds: i) high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLCUV), ii) high performance liquid chromatography with detection by mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and iii) liquid chromatography-ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (LCMS/ MS_Qtrap). Among the methods evaluated, LC-MS/MS_Qtrap with electrospray in positive mode yielded better results. The detection limit (LOD, S/N ≥3) for lorazepam and bromazepam was 4.90±0.95 ng L-1 and for carbamazepine, clonazepam and diazepam, 6.10±1.50 ng L-1. The limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N ≥10) was 30.00±1.10 ng L-1 bromazepam , clonazepam and lorazepam; 50.00±1.81 ng L-1, carbamazepine; and 40.00±0.98 ng L-1 diazepam. The linear range of the assay (LC-MS/MS_Qtrap) was 30-1500 ng L-1 for bromazepam; 50-2500 ng L-1, carbamazepine; 30-2500 ng L-1, clonazepam; 40-2500 ng L-1, diazepam; and 30 - 2000 ng L-1, lorazepam. The correlation coefficient (R2>0.997) for all compounds. The effectiveness of the methodology was verified by recovery with the fortification of three concentration levels in triplicate samples of hospital effluent. The average recovery rates observed were: 93.9±2.1% for bromazepam; 92.6±4.2%, carbamazepine; 93.9%±3.0 clonazepam; 91.8%±6.0 for diazepam; and 93.8%±4.3 for lorazepam. The mean concentrations of psychiatric drugs detected in the effluent of the Emergency and General Effluent were respectively: 195.0±6.4 ng L-1 and 137.1±7.0 ng L-1 for bromazepam; 589.6±6.1 ng L-1, and 460.7±9.3 ng L-1, carbamazepine; 645.0±0.3 ng L-1 and 571.0± 9.9ng L-1, diazepam; 95.7±6.7 ng L-1 and 42.4±4.2 ng L-1 lorazepam; and 134.3 ± 9.8 ng L-1 and 56.9 ± 9.9 ng L-1 clonazepam. The identification of metabolites in the hospital effluent was made through (LCMS/ MS_Qtrap). The metabolites identified were: 3-hydroxybromazepam (bromazepam), 7- aminoclonazepam (clonazepam), carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide, 10-dihydroxy-10,11- dihydrocarbamazepine, iminoquinone, 2-hydroxy-carbamazepine and acridone (carbamazepine), and nordiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam (diazepam), and their fragmentation pathways were proposed. Was performed a preliminary risk assessment of anxiolytic and antiepileptic drugs with the aid of literature data and found that the carbamazepine and diazepam compounds showed the highest risk (0.85 and 0.90, respectively) among the compounds analyzed. According to the results we can say that they present medium risk requiring more attention in terms of toxicity. However, no literature data were found on the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) for bromazepam, lorazepam, clonazepam, not allowing the calculation of risk quotient (RQ) for these compounds.Therefore, we observed the occurrence of anxiolytic and antiepileptic drugs in the effluent of HUSM at concentrations in the order of ng L-1. The analytical method for LC-MS/MS_Qtrap developed for the determination of psychoactive drugs (bromazepam, carbamazepine, clonazepam, diazepam and lorazepam) in hospital effluent proved to be sensitive and selective, eliminating laborious sample handling and requiring chromatographic run of just 15 minutes. The occurrence of these drugs and environmental risks associated demonstrate the need for more efficient treatment for the hospital effluent.Uma nova metodologia analítica foi desenvolvida com a finalidade de investigar a presença de cinco fármacos psicoativos (ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos): bromazepam, carbamazepina, clonazepam, diazepam e lorazepam no efluente do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), visto que estes compostos são amplamente utilizados no tratamento da ansiedade e da epilepsia. As amostras foram coletadas de dois pontos para a verificação da concentração dos compostos: o Ponto A (efluente do PAHUSM) e o ponto B (efluente geral que abrange o HUSM e a Biblioteca Central). Utilizou-se um método de clean-up/pré-concentração por extração em fase sólida, para avaliar a ocorrência de ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos no efluente do HUSM. Deste modo, três métodos para determinar estes compostos foram desenvolvidos e validados: i) cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção por ultravioleta (HPLC-UV), ii) cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção por espectrometria de massa (LC-MS) e iii) cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massa com ionização por eletronebulização e armadilha de íons (LC-MS/MS_Qtrap). Dentre os métodos avaliados, o LC-MS/MS_Qtrap com eletronebulização no modo positivo obteve melhores resultados. O limite de detecção (LOD, S/N ≥3) para bromazepam e lorazepam foi 4,90±0,95 ng L-1 e, para carbamazepina, clonazepam e diazepam, 6,10±1,50 ng L-1. O limite de quantificação (LOQ, S/N ≥10) foi de 30,00±1,10 ng L-1, para bromazepam, clonazepam e lorazepam; carbamazepina, 50,00±1,81 ng L-1 e, diazepam, 40,00±0,98 ng L-1. A faixa linear do método (LC-MS/MS_Qtrap) para bromazepam foi de 30-1500 ng L-1, para carbamazepina 50-2500 ng L-1; clonazepam de 30-2500 ng L-1, diazepam 40-2500 ng L-1 e para lorazepam foi de 30-2000 ng L-1. O coeficiente de correlação (R2 >0,997) para todos os compostos. A eficiência da metodologia foi verificada através da recuperação com a fortificação em três níveis de concentração em triplicata de amostras de efluente hospitalar. As taxas de recuperação média constatadas foram: para bromazepam 93,9%±2,1; carbamazepina 92,6%±4,2; clonazepam 93,9%±3,0; diazepam 91,8%±6,0 e lorazepam foi de 93,8%±4,3. As concentrações médias das drogas psiquiátricas detectadas no efluente do PA-HUSM e efluente geral foram respectivamente: bromazepam, 195,0±6,4 ng L-1 e 137,1±7,0 ng L-1; carbamazepina, 589,6±6,1 ng L-1 e 460,7±9,3 ng L-1, diazepam, 645,0±0,3 ng L-1 e 571,0±9,9 ng L-1, lorazepam, 95,7±6,7 ng L-1 e 42,4±4,2 ng L-1 e clonazepam, 134,3±9,8 ng L-1 e 56,9±9,9 ng L-1. A identificação dos metabólitos no efluente hospitalar foi realizada através de LC-MS/MS_Qtrap. Os metabólitos identificados foram: 3-hidroxi-bromazepam (bromazepam), 7-amino-clonazepam (clonazepam), carbamazepina 10,11-epóxido, 10-dihidroxi-10,11-dihidrocarbamazepina, iminoquinona, 2-hidroxi-carbamazepina e acridona (carbamazepina), nordiazepam, oxazepam e temazepam (diazepam) e, seus caminhos de fragmentação foram propostos. Foi realizada uma avaliação de risco preliminar de ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos com o auxílio de dados da literatura e foi verificado que os compostos carbamazepina e diazepam apresentaram maior risco com Quociente de Risco teórico (0,85 e 0,90, respectivamente) entre os compostos analisados. De acordo com os resultados obtidos pode-se dizer que apresentam risco médio, requerendo maior atenção em termos de toxicidade. Entretanto, dados na literatura não foram encontrados sobre a Concentração Prevista que Não Causa Efeito (PNEC) para bromazepam, clonazepam e lorazepam, impossibilitando o cálculo do quociente de risco (QR) para estes compostos. Portanto, foi evidenciada a ocorrência de ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos no efluente do HUSM em concentrações na ordem de ng L-1. O método analítico por LC-MS/MS_Qtrap desenvolvido para a determinação das drogas psicoativas (bromazepam, carbamazepina, clonazepam, diazepam e lorazepam) no efluente hospitalar provou ser sensível, seletivo, dispensando manipulação laboriosa da amostra e exigindo corrida cromatográfica de apenas 15 minutos. A ocorrência destes fármacos e os riscos ambientais associados demonstram a necessidade de sistema mais eficiente de tratamento para o efluente hospitalar.application/pdfporUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaPrograma de Pós-Graduação em QuímicaUFSMBRQuímicaAnsiolíticos e antiepilépticosLC-MS/MS_QtrapEfluente hospitalarAvaliação preliminar do riscoMetabólitosAnxiolytics and antiepilepticsLC-MS/MS_QtrapHospital effluentPreliminary risk assessmentCNPQ::CIENCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA::QUIMICAIdentificação e determinação de fármacos ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos e seus metabólitos em efluente hospitalarIdentification and determination of metabolites of antiepileptic and anxiolytic drugs in hospital effluentinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisMartins, Ayrton Figueiredohttp://lattes.cnpq.br/2113532494494821Prestes, Osmar Damianhttp://lattes.cnpq.br/9632234955509028Sirtori, Carlahttp://lattes.cnpq.br/4464252707748774Arsand, Daniel Ricardohttp://lattes.cnpq.br/2243464346389170Adaime, Martha Bohrerhttp://lattes.cnpq.br/4385786922516848http://lattes.cnpq.br/8218956827334831Almeida, Carlos Alberto Araujo de100600000000400300300300300300300ade6000d-a348-4d49-a531-6500a65a153adf7f473a-fd09-4f40-aba8-9008fef5b2767221aedd-8a80-4254-b5a9-17b325670c5b61aa14c1-5d74-4204-8740-d1d47275c7098e52337e-e579-422f-8114-98279ebff89b129c92ee-1432-47f9-89dc-ef4476ba83aainfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Manancial - Repositório Digital da UFSMinstname:Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM)instacron:UFSMORIGINALALMEIDA, CARLOS ALBERTO ARAUJO DE.pdfapplication/pdf2852905http://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/1/4242/1/ALMEIDA%2c%20CARLOS%20ALBERTO%20ARAUJO%20DE.pdf409d6b24b52f99d8434679d7977625e9MD51TEXTALMEIDA, CARLOS ALBERTO ARAUJO DE.pdf.txtALMEIDA, CARLOS ALBERTO ARAUJO DE.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain295963http://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/1/4242/2/ALMEIDA%2c%20CARLOS%20ALBERTO%20ARAUJO%20DE.pdf.txt2464114c90d067d1339ab40239d8de28MD52THUMBNAILALMEIDA, CARLOS ALBERTO ARAUJO DE.pdf.jpgALMEIDA, CARLOS ALBERTO ARAUJO DE.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg5615http://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/1/4242/3/ALMEIDA%2c%20CARLOS%20ALBERTO%20ARAUJO%20DE.pdf.jpg2c70eb0c19aec57c342303805aa46bbbMD531/42422022-08-22 11:00:16.945oai:repositorio.ufsm.br:1/4242Repositório Institucionalhttp://repositorio.ufsm.br/PUBhttp://repositorio.ufsm.br/oai/requestopendoar:39132022-08-22T14:00:16Manancial - Repositório Digital da UFSM - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM)false |
dc.title.por.fl_str_mv |
Identificação e determinação de fármacos ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos e seus metabólitos em efluente hospitalar |
dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv |
Identification and determination of metabolites of antiepileptic and anxiolytic drugs in hospital effluent |
title |
Identificação e determinação de fármacos ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos e seus metabólitos em efluente hospitalar |
spellingShingle |
Identificação e determinação de fármacos ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos e seus metabólitos em efluente hospitalar Almeida, Carlos Alberto Araujo de Ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos LC-MS/MS_Qtrap Efluente hospitalar Avaliação preliminar do risco Metabólitos Anxiolytics and antiepileptics LC-MS/MS_Qtrap Hospital effluent Preliminary risk assessment CNPQ::CIENCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA::QUIMICA |
title_short |
Identificação e determinação de fármacos ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos e seus metabólitos em efluente hospitalar |
title_full |
Identificação e determinação de fármacos ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos e seus metabólitos em efluente hospitalar |
title_fullStr |
Identificação e determinação de fármacos ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos e seus metabólitos em efluente hospitalar |
title_full_unstemmed |
Identificação e determinação de fármacos ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos e seus metabólitos em efluente hospitalar |
title_sort |
Identificação e determinação de fármacos ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos e seus metabólitos em efluente hospitalar |
author |
Almeida, Carlos Alberto Araujo de |
author_facet |
Almeida, Carlos Alberto Araujo de |
author_role |
author |
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv |
Martins, Ayrton Figueiredo |
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/2113532494494821 |
dc.contributor.referee1.fl_str_mv |
Prestes, Osmar Damian |
dc.contributor.referee1Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/9632234955509028 |
dc.contributor.referee2.fl_str_mv |
Sirtori, Carla |
dc.contributor.referee2Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/4464252707748774 |
dc.contributor.referee3.fl_str_mv |
Arsand, Daniel Ricardo |
dc.contributor.referee3Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/2243464346389170 |
dc.contributor.referee4.fl_str_mv |
Adaime, Martha Bohrer |
dc.contributor.referee4Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/4385786922516848 |
dc.contributor.authorLattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/8218956827334831 |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Almeida, Carlos Alberto Araujo de |
contributor_str_mv |
Martins, Ayrton Figueiredo Prestes, Osmar Damian Sirtori, Carla Arsand, Daniel Ricardo Adaime, Martha Bohrer |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos LC-MS/MS_Qtrap Efluente hospitalar Avaliação preliminar do risco Metabólitos |
topic |
Ansiolíticos e antiepilépticos LC-MS/MS_Qtrap Efluente hospitalar Avaliação preliminar do risco Metabólitos Anxiolytics and antiepileptics LC-MS/MS_Qtrap Hospital effluent Preliminary risk assessment CNPQ::CIENCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA::QUIMICA |
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv |
Anxiolytics and antiepileptics LC-MS/MS_Qtrap Hospital effluent Preliminary risk assessment |
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv |
CNPQ::CIENCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA::QUIMICA |
description |
A new analytical methodology was developed in order to investigate the presence of five psychoactive drugs (anxiolytic and antiepileptics), namely, bromazepam, carbamazepine, clonazepam, diazepam, and lorazepam in the effluent of the University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM) of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), since these compounds are widely used in the treatment of anxiety and epilepsy. Samples were collected from two points to check the concentration of the compounds: Point A (Emergency) and point B (General Effluent - which covers the Central Library and HUSM). The method of clean-up/pre-concentration by solid phase extraction (SPE) was used to assess the occurrence of anxiolytic and antiepileptic drugs in the effluent of HUSM. Three methods were developed and validated to determine these compounds: i) high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLCUV), ii) high performance liquid chromatography with detection by mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and iii) liquid chromatography-ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (LCMS/ MS_Qtrap). Among the methods evaluated, LC-MS/MS_Qtrap with electrospray in positive mode yielded better results. The detection limit (LOD, S/N ≥3) for lorazepam and bromazepam was 4.90±0.95 ng L-1 and for carbamazepine, clonazepam and diazepam, 6.10±1.50 ng L-1. The limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N ≥10) was 30.00±1.10 ng L-1 bromazepam , clonazepam and lorazepam; 50.00±1.81 ng L-1, carbamazepine; and 40.00±0.98 ng L-1 diazepam. The linear range of the assay (LC-MS/MS_Qtrap) was 30-1500 ng L-1 for bromazepam; 50-2500 ng L-1, carbamazepine; 30-2500 ng L-1, clonazepam; 40-2500 ng L-1, diazepam; and 30 - 2000 ng L-1, lorazepam. The correlation coefficient (R2>0.997) for all compounds. The effectiveness of the methodology was verified by recovery with the fortification of three concentration levels in triplicate samples of hospital effluent. The average recovery rates observed were: 93.9±2.1% for bromazepam; 92.6±4.2%, carbamazepine; 93.9%±3.0 clonazepam; 91.8%±6.0 for diazepam; and 93.8%±4.3 for lorazepam. The mean concentrations of psychiatric drugs detected in the effluent of the Emergency and General Effluent were respectively: 195.0±6.4 ng L-1 and 137.1±7.0 ng L-1 for bromazepam; 589.6±6.1 ng L-1, and 460.7±9.3 ng L-1, carbamazepine; 645.0±0.3 ng L-1 and 571.0± 9.9ng L-1, diazepam; 95.7±6.7 ng L-1 and 42.4±4.2 ng L-1 lorazepam; and 134.3 ± 9.8 ng L-1 and 56.9 ± 9.9 ng L-1 clonazepam. The identification of metabolites in the hospital effluent was made through (LCMS/ MS_Qtrap). The metabolites identified were: 3-hydroxybromazepam (bromazepam), 7- aminoclonazepam (clonazepam), carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide, 10-dihydroxy-10,11- dihydrocarbamazepine, iminoquinone, 2-hydroxy-carbamazepine and acridone (carbamazepine), and nordiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam (diazepam), and their fragmentation pathways were proposed. Was performed a preliminary risk assessment of anxiolytic and antiepileptic drugs with the aid of literature data and found that the carbamazepine and diazepam compounds showed the highest risk (0.85 and 0.90, respectively) among the compounds analyzed. According to the results we can say that they present medium risk requiring more attention in terms of toxicity. However, no literature data were found on the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) for bromazepam, lorazepam, clonazepam, not allowing the calculation of risk quotient (RQ) for these compounds.Therefore, we observed the occurrence of anxiolytic and antiepileptic drugs in the effluent of HUSM at concentrations in the order of ng L-1. The analytical method for LC-MS/MS_Qtrap developed for the determination of psychoactive drugs (bromazepam, carbamazepine, clonazepam, diazepam and lorazepam) in hospital effluent proved to be sensitive and selective, eliminating laborious sample handling and requiring chromatographic run of just 15 minutes. The occurrence of these drugs and environmental risks associated demonstrate the need for more efficient treatment for the hospital effluent. |
publishDate |
2012 |
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv |
2012-12-06 |
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv |
2013-12-27 |
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv |
2013-12-27 |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
format |
doctoralThesis |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv |
ALMEIDA, Carlos Alberto Araujo de. Identification and determination of metabolites of antiepileptic and anxiolytic drugs in hospital effluent. 2012. 167 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química) - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 2012. |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4242 |
identifier_str_mv |
ALMEIDA, Carlos Alberto Araujo de. Identification and determination of metabolites of antiepileptic and anxiolytic drugs in hospital effluent. 2012. 167 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química) - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 2012. |
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http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4242 |
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Universidade Federal de Santa Maria |
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Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química |
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UFSM |
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BR |
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Química |
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Universidade Federal de Santa Maria |
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