Palma forrageira, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e uréia para novilhas e vacas leiteiras

• Ano de defesa: 2007
• Autor(a) principal: Pessoa, Ricardo Alexandre Silva
• Orientador(a): Leão, Maria Ignez
• Banca de defesa: Queiroz, Augusto César de , Valadares, Rilene Ferreira Diniz
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Instituição de defesa: Universidade Federal de Viçosa
• Programa de Pós-Graduação: Doutorado em Zootecnia
• Departamento: Genética e Melhoramento de Animais Domésticos; Nutrição e Alimentação Animal; Pastagens e Forragicul
• País: BR
• Palavras-chave em Português: Opuntia ficus; Fibra; Nitrogênio não-protéico; Desempenho; Síntese microbiana
• Palavras-chave em Inglês: Opuntia ficus; Fiber; Non-proteic nitrogen; Performance; Microbial synthesis
• Área do conhecimento CNPq: CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ZOOTECNIA::NUTRICAO E ALIMENTACAO ANIMAL
• Link de acesso: http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/1681

This tesis was developed based on four works. In the first it was utilized five milk cows crossbred Holstein-Gir, with average of milk production of 12.0 kg/day, distributed in design 5 x 5 square lattice, with five animals, five periods and five treatments, aiming to evaluate the association of the forage cactus to sugar cane bagasse and urea on the performance of supplemented milk cows or not. The control ration was composed of 67.4% forage cactus, 27.9% sugar cane bagasse, 2.7% mixture urea:ammonium sulphate (9:1) and 2.0% mineral mixture, in dry matter basis, being the supplemented cows on basis of the milk production (1.0 kg of supplement/6.0 kg of milk). The supplements had characterized the treatments, together to the treatment testify (control), being: wheat meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal or whole cottonseed. The proportion of ingredients in experimental rations for supplemented animals was, in average, 61.4% forage cactus, 25.3% sugar cane bagasse, 2.5% mixture urea:ammonium sulphate (9:1), 1.8% mineral mixture and 9.0% supplement, in dry matter (DM) basis. It was not observed, between the supplemented animals, significant differences (P>0.05) for dry matter intake (DMI) (kg/day or % live weight) and organic matter intake (OMI). The animals that not received supplementation had presented intake of total digestible nutrients (TDNI) decreased (P<0.05) only to that they received soybean meal as supplement. In relation to the coefficients of digestibility of the DM, organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP), effect of supplementation (P>0.05) when compared to diet without supplement, was not observed. The control diet provided milk fat corrected (FCM) of 10.0 kg/day, approximately. The supplementation with soybean meal, cottonseed meal or whole cottonseed increased (P<0.05) milk production (MP) and FCM. The animals that not received supplement had presented efficiency of DM use smaller (P<0.05) only to supplemented with whole cottonseed and efficiency of nitrogen use equal (P>0.05) to supplemented with wheat meal or whole cottonseed. The supplementation with whole cottonseed improves the efficiency use of dry matter, and the supplementation with cottonseed meal or soybean meal, even so provides increase in the milk production, decreases the efficiency use of nitrogen. In the second work, it was aimed to evaluate the association of forage cactus to sugar cane bagasse and the urea on performance of supplemented milk cows or not. Five milk cows crossbred Holstein-Gir, with average milk production of 7.0 kg/day, distributed in design 5 x 5 square lattice, with five animals, five periods and five treatments. The treatments were the same used in the first work. The proportion of ingredients in experimental rations for supplemented animals was, in average: 62.7% forage cactus, 26.0% sugar cane bagasse, 2.5% mixture urea:ammonium sulphate (9:1), 1.9% mineral mixture and 6.9% supplement, in DM basis. It was not observed significant differences (P>0.05) for DMI (kg/day or %LW) and OMI, on average 13.0 kg, 3.0% and 11.8 kg, respectively. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), had not been influenced (P>0.05) by diets, being on average 60.5; 65.0; 71.3; 84.2; 44.4; 81.3 and 61.5%, respectively. The different sources of supplement they had provided similar performance (P>0.05) for MP and FCM, being on average 7.0 and 7.4 kg/day, respectively. The supplementation with whole cottonseed increased the efficiency use of DM, and the supplementation with cottonseed meal decreased the efficiency use of ingested nitrogen. In the third work, it was aimed to evaluate the association of forage cactus to sugar cane bagasse and the urea on the performance of supplemented milk heifers or not. Twenty five heifers crossbred Holstein-Gir, with 227.5 kg average LW, kept in feedlot, assigned to randomized block design, established in accordance with weight of animals, with five treatments and five blocks. The control rations was composed of 64.0% forage cactus, 30.0% sugar cane bagasse, 4.0% mixture urea:ammonium sulphate (9:1) and 2.0% mineral mixture, in DM basis, being the supplemented heifers on the basis of live weight (0.5% of the LW). The supplements had characterized the treatments, together to treatment testify (control). The supplements tested were the same cited for experiments 1 and 2. The proportion of ingredients in experimental rations for supplemented animals was: 57.0% forage cactus, 26.0% sugar cane bagasse, 3.5% mixture urea:ammonium sulphate (9:1), 1.8% mineral mixture and 11.7% supplement, in DM basis. The supplementation with cottonseed meal or soybean meal increased (P<0.05) the DMI and, consequently, the OMI, CPI and non-fiber carbohydrate intake (NFCI), when compared with the treatment without supplementation (control). One did not observed significant differences (P>0.05) enters the animals supplemented for TDNI. There was not significant effect (P>0.05) of treatments on digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NFC, being the average values of 60.9; 63.1; 77.9 and 82.9%, respectively, and on the average contents of TDN of diets, on average 58.1%. Significant differences (P>0.05) for weight gain and feed:gain ratio between the supplemented animals had not been observed. The use of forage cactus associate to sugar cane bagasse and urea, in the verified ratios, allows profit in weight gain next to 430 g/animal/day. The supplementation with soybean meal, cottonseed meal or whole cottonseed improved the weight and feed:gain ratio. In the fourth work, assessed is the balance of nitrogenous compounds and the production of microbial protein in animals used in the third experiment. The nitrogen balance was not influenced (P>0.05) by the treatments, having presented average value of 49.3 g/day. The supplementation with cottonseed meal or soybean meal increased (P>0.05) the excretion of nitrogen urinary, the concentration of urea and urea nitrogen in the serum and the excretion urinary of urea and urea nitrogen. The association of the forage cactus to sugar cane bagasse and urea, without the use of supplements, allow efficiency of microbial synthesis of 105.0 gCPmic/kg of consumed TDN, being able to guarantee reasonable animal performance. The supplementation with whole cottonseed provides to greater excretion urinary of alantoin and purine derivatives, and better efficiency of microbial synthesis, being, therefore, the most indicated in these conditions.