Regulação ambiental e comércio internacional: fluxos comerciais de grãos Brasil - OCDE

• Ano de defesa: 2014
• Autor(a) principal: Padrão, Glaucia de Almeida
• Orientador(a): Lírio, Viviani Silva
• Banca de defesa: Torres, Daniela Almeida Raposo , Cunha, Dênis Antônio da , Silveira, Suely de Fátima Ramos
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Instituição de defesa: Universidade Federal de Viçosa
• Programa de Pós-Graduação: Doutorado em Economia Aplicada
• Departamento: Economia e Gerenciamento do Agronegócio; Economia das Relações Internacionais; Economia dos Recursos
• País: BR
• Palavras-chave em Português: Proteção ambiental; Economia ambiental; Comércio internacional
• Palavras-chave em Inglês: Environmental protection; Environmental economics; International trade
• Área do conhecimento CNPq: CNPQ::CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::ECONOMIA::ECONOMIAS AGRARIA E DOS RECURSOS NATURAIS::ECONOMIA DOS RECURSOS NATURAIS
• Link de acesso: http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/167

The last three decades of the twentieth century were marked by growing concern about the relationship between economic growth and the environment, a concern that was raised by conservationists influenced by Malthusian ideas of scarcity of resources, showing the need to rethink the patterns of production and consumption. New policy instruments began to be incorporated in the 1980s, with the main objective to reduce the trade-off between economic growth and conservation of natural resources. When one has in mind the trade relations between countries, the debate has generated increasing interest in the discussion forums, but is also marked by controversy. On one side are the proponents of free trade, who believe that international trade without barriers is a growth promoter, generating income, reducing inequality, and consequently the environmental preservation. On the other hand, environmentalists argue that trade liberalization would cause the benefit xviiof developed countries from less developed countries, addition to stimulating production practices promoting the destruction of the environment. From these discussions emerged two main approaches that have been used in major empirical studies on the topic: the Pollution Haven hypothesis, which argues that differences in environmental standards between countries, leading to a relocation of polluting industries from countries with strict environmental regulation to countries with less strict regulation (generally in developing countries), and the hypothesis of Porter and van der Linde (1995), in which the environmental restriction does not reduce the competitiveness of industry in a country, and could increase the competitiveness of the same environmental policy is well defined. It is known that, historically, there have always been differences between developed and developing countries, regarding the formulation of environmental policies, marked by a more restrictive policy in the first compared with the latter. This study was conducted in order to empirically test the hypothesis Pollution Haven to trade for Brazilian grain bound for OECD countries, using as a proxy for the restrictiveness of environmental regulation indices of environmental performance - EPI, and taking as a model to test the empirical equation the gravity model. Analyzing the environmental performance indices for Brazil and OECD countries, there was a significant discrepancy between the countries with regard to environmental policy-making, given that domestic environmental regulation is determined by political, economic and social interests of each country. Regarding Brazil, this is rated below the OECD developed in most countries indices, indicating that the Brazilian environmental regulation is less restrictive in relation to the main OECD countries. This can result in a barrier to sustainable production practices, since the overall interest and collective welfare are set aside in favor of disordered economic growth and cheaper production practices. The results of the gravity model showed that the most restrictive environmental regulation practiced by OECD countries tend to intensify the Brazilian exports of grains considered in this study, the different categories of environmental policy, which indicates proof of the Pollution xviiiHaven hypothesis. Therefore, it was concluded that the ineffective law enforcement of environmental regulations and a slowdown of environmental regulation, may be explanations for the results. This result becomes even more serious when Brazil has its environmental regulation compared with developed countries, indicating that the country has moved in the opposite direction of global proposals to improve the quality and protection of the environment, despite the progress made with the numerous international agreements signed by Brazil. This study is a step forward with respect to analysis of the effects caused by environmental regulation on trade flows between Brazil and the countries of the OECD countries, and draws attention to the development and use of more specific methodologies that address the issue, considering not only the environmental aspect, but considered all aspects of sustainability, namely the economy, environment and society.