A adequação nutricional de dietas aumenta a exposição aos resíduos de agrotóxicos no Brasil?

• Ano de defesa: 2021
• Autor(a) principal: Oliveira, Dayan Carvalho Ramos Salles de
• Orientador(a): Verly Júnior, Eliseu
• Banca de defesa: Sichieri, Rosely, Albuquerque, Guilherme Souza Cavalcanti de, Priore, Silvia Eloiza, Andrade, Patricia Diniz
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Instituição de defesa: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
• Programa de Pós-Graduação: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva
• Departamento: Centro Biomédico::Instituto de Medicina Social
• País: Brasil
• Palavras-chave em Português: Alimentos, dieta e nutrição; Agroquímicos; Exposição a praguecidas; Programação linear; Epidemiologia; Brasil
• Palavras-chave em Inglês: Diet, food, and nutrition; Agrochemicals; Programming, linear; Epidemiology; Brazil; Exposure to agrochemicals
• Área do conhecimento CNPq: CIENCIAS DA SAUDE::SAUDE COLETIVA
• Link de acesso: http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/handle/1/17674

The changes in the Brazilian dietary pattern necessary to meet nutritional recommendations involve an increase in the consumption of fresh and minimally processed foods. These foods are one of the major sources of pesticide residues on diets and are usually monitored by its compliance with Good Agriculture Practice, which is measured by the Maximum Residue Limits parameter legislated per kilo of pesticide in foods. Therefore, the objectives of this study are: (i) to identify changes in the current diet to achieve nutritional adequacy without exceeding the chronic safety levels of pesticide exposure considering regional food consumption preferences; and (ii) to verify if diets comprising foods that are adequate according to the Good Agriculture Practice are also safe according to the Acceptable Daily Intake of pesticide residues in the Brazilian population. Food consumption data from the National Dietary Survey 2017-2018 (n=46.164 individuals) were linked to the pesticide residues database from the Program on Pesticide Residue Analysis in Food, and to the Maximum Residue Limits of pesticides per food data from the National Health Surveillance Agency. The sample was stratified by Brazilian states and by income levels, totaling 108 strata. For objective (i), three linear programming models, which minimized diet cost within strata, were performed by: (1) food preferences and minimum requirement of energy, macronutrients, vitamins and mineral restrictions; (2) Model 1 + Acceptable Daily Intake of pesticides residues; and (3) model 1 + observed levels of pesticide exposure. In model 1, all the nutritional constraints were met without exceeding the ADI for none of the 228 residues assessed, although the exposure significantly increased between the optimized diets in model 1 and its observed levels. In model 3, it was infeasible to keep the current levels of pesticide residue exposure while meeting all the nutritional constraints. For objective (ii), two linear programming models, which minimized diet cost, were performed applying the same restrictions (1) and (2) from objective (i). In model 1, all the nutritional constraints were met, but pesticide exposure levels exceeded the ADI. In model 2, it was not possible to meet chronic safety constraints for pesticides with the Maximum Residue Limit limits legislated in the country. The main dietary changes needed to achieve the nutritional constraints were: increase fruit and vegetables, dairy, and seafood quantities; and reduce rice, red meat, and sugar-sweetened beverages. In conclusion, meeting nutritional adequacy increases pesticide exposure compared to the observed diets, without exceeding its ADI for chronic exposure; and foods within the Good Agriculture Practice do not guaranty safe levels of chronic exposure to pesticides for Brazil.