Efeitos da ingestão de extrato hidroacetônico de Maytenus ilicifolia e hidroetanólico de Achyrocline alata em ratas prenhes e seus fetos

• Ano de defesa: 2009
• Autor(a) principal: Laura, Andréa Luiza Cunha
• Orientador(a): Siqueira, João Máximo de
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Palavras-chave em Português: Achyrocline; Teratogênese; Maytenus; Plantas Medicinais
• Link de acesso: https://repositorio.ufms.br/handle/123456789/1659

In Brazil, the medicinal plants have assumed increasing importance as a resource very useful therapeutic alternative in the programs of primary health care. Among the plants most requested by the population of Campo Grande to salespeople and / or indicated by them, have Maytenus ilicifolia and Achyrocline alata. Despite being widely used, there are no papers attesting its safety in relation to pregnant women. Thus, in this work the aim was to evaluate the toxicological risk of exposure to hydroacetonic dry extract of M. ilicifolia and hydroethanolic of A. alata in the reproductive system of rats (Rattus norvegicus) and their fetuses in order to verify the safety of in the dose recommended and used in folk medicine. To this purpose, two experiments were carried out. In the experiment with M. ilicifolia (EMI), pregnant rats were distributed into four experimental groups (two control groups and two treated groups). Both groups underwent the following treatment schedule: Group Control 1 (C1) received, by gavage, 0.5 mL of filtered water from the 1st to 20th day of pregnancy (DP), the Group 1 (T1) received by gavage, dry extract of M. ilicifolia (15.1 mg / kg body weight) dissolved in 0.5 mL / day of filtered water from the 1st to the 20th DP, the control group 2 (C2) and the treated 2 (T2) received, respectively, the same as those given to first two groups, changing only the exposure time, which was the 6th to the 15th DP. The experiment with A. alata (EAA) was performed identically to that of M. ilicifolia (EMI) changing only the dosage administered to animals was 3.9 mg / kg of body weight. The protocol for animal use in experimentation (No 115/2006) was approved by the Ethics Committee of UFMS. In the 20th DP, the rats (EMI and EAA) were subjected to euthanasia and laparotomy, the ovaries, uterus, maternal organs (spleen, liver and kidneys), fetuses and placentas were removed, weighed and assessed externally to investigate possible disturbances related to color, size, texture and the presence of cysts. We counted the number of: lutea, live fetuses and / or resorptions and dead cells. From these data we calculated the parameters for fertility (sex ratio, placental index, fetal viability and the rate of: implantation efficiency, turnover and loss pre-and post-deployment). The fetuses were divided into groups for the analysis of skeletal, visceral and histology. For comparison of the quantitative tests were used parametric and non parametric (ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis), depending on the type of data distribution. After the detection of differences by ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for multiple comparisons and Dunn's test, respectively. Qualitative data obtained and the frequencies have the litter used as base unit. In all cases, when p 0.05, the difference was considered statistically significant. In EMI and EAA, when the experimental groups were compared for: 1) clinical signs of toxicity - no maternal deaths were recorded, erection of body hair, abnormal walking and diarrhea; 2) changes in body weight - the daily monitoring of gestational development showed no significant differences in body weight (BW), weight gain (WG) and net weight gain (NPG), indicating normal pregnancy without treatment effect; 3) changes in food consumption and water - the evidence of toxicity of M. ilicifolia and A. alata during organogenesis (water consumption and diet) and throughout the gestational period (intake) appear to be transient, since we found no differences in BW, WG and NPG; 4) absolute weight (BP) and relative (RP) of liver, ovaries, kidneys and uterus with fetuses and fetuses without - the results were similar; 5) maternal reproductive performance and embryo development - the results for size of the fetus, as well as their body weight and their placentas, and placental index rates (implantation losses before and after implantation, fetal resorption and viability) were similar between groups, so the treatments did not alter the physiological conditions and intrauterine related with reproduction and embryo-fetal development; 6) macroscopic analysis of maternal organs (spleen, liver and kidneys) - revealed no changes; 7) visceral and skeletal variations in fetuses - were variants of normal and possibly regress if the pregnancy came to term and/or the postnatal period; 8) microscopic analysis of the fetus – did not show teratogenic effects. Whereas EMI: 1) 6th to 15th DP and 1s t to 20th DP - did not alter anatomic lesions in maternal liver, does not cause toxic effects or alterations in the placenta of rats, 2) 1st to 20th DP - showed cytotoxic effects on maternal spleen and kidneys, fetal liver, hemoperitoneum and vessels of the dermis. Considering the EAA: 1) 6th to 15th DP and 1st to 20th DP - do not alter anatomic lesions in maternal kidneys and livers, no change in fetal liver cells, peritoneal region and dermis, 2) 1st to 20th DP - showed cytotoxic effects on maternal spleen and acute inflammatory process with a concentration of neutrophil infiltration around and in the placentas basal decidua (maternal side) in group T1 (most intense) and C2. In the EMI and EAA were not recorded maternal deaths and stillbirths, as well as deviation from expected ratio of 1:1 for sex ratio. Thus, M. ilicifolia and A. alata did not affect the processes of organogenesis and sexual differentiations of the fetus, i.e., are not teratogenic. The results do not exclude the possibility of human toxicity during pregnancy. The use as a medicine must first be scientifically validated in humans, like any other medicine. The drug use during pregnancy should be based on experimental evidence showing this evidence. Therefore, caution is needed, the effects of exposure in maternal and fetal bodies, should be considered, respecting the complexity and possible pharmacological changes which requires a mother/placenta/fetal development.