Organização mundial do comércio e Codex Alimentarius: a institucionalização da qualidade no mercado internacional de alimentos
Ano de defesa: | 2013 |
---|---|
Autor(a) principal: | |
Orientador(a): | |
Banca de defesa: | , , , |
Tipo de documento: | Tese |
Tipo de acesso: | Acesso aberto |
Idioma: | por |
Instituição de defesa: |
Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
|
Programa de Pós-Graduação: |
Programa de Pós-graduação em Economia
|
Departamento: |
Ciências Sociais Aplicadas
|
País: |
BR
|
Palavras-chave em Português: | |
Palavras-chave em Inglês: | |
Área do conhecimento CNPq: | |
Link de acesso: | https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/13449 https://doi.org/10.14393/ufu.te.2013.60 |
Resumo: | In the last decades of the 20th century, trade protectionism got new principles. The international trade experts said that is observed in world trade, currently, a neoprotectionism. What is striking is that some of these new protection mechanisms have gained support, especially society, as are supported by legitimate reasons, for example, regarding the protection of consumer health. However, some countries, especially developing, claim that this new protectionism, despite its legitimacy, continues with the same function: to protect markets. Thus, it appears that from 1947, with the establishment of GATT and through rounds of negotiation, tariff barriers have been reduced significantly, however, at the same time, other forms of trade barriers, more subtle, difficult to identify were created, the calls non-tariff measures. Among these measures, in this thesis, there are the sanitary and phytosanitary measures. What encouraged this research was precisely the paradoxical nature that surrounds this issue, because, on the one hand the sanitary and phytosanitary measures represent serious concerns about the safety and protection of human health and on the other, they also can represent veiled protectionism creating restrictions on international trade. So, ask yourself: how to ensure that such measures are not used indiscriminately by countries? What mechanisms to curb these actions? This thesis aims to demonstrate that with the advent of non-tariff measures, particularly the SPS, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was compelled to create a legal and institutional, to curb opportunistic behavior, because what is happening is that certain countries use the sanitary and phytosanitary measures in an arbitrary and unjustified. The hypothesis that guides this work is that the notifications and harmonization bodies have a key role to ensure that sanitary and phytosanitary measures do not transformem in trade barriers. Increasingly countries are meeting sanitary and phytosanitary standards set by the WTO, through notifications, and participating in international standardization organizations such as the Codex Alimentarius. To prove this hypothesis are used two instruments: the first is to examine the notifications relating to sanitary and phytosanitary measures issued to the WTO, in the period 1995-2011, and the second is the analysis of a questionnaire applied to several countries in the period 2002 by the Joint FAO / WHO Codex Alimentarius. Especially, it is concluded that: in general, the number of reports on matters relating to sanitary and phytosanitary issues, increased, which demonstrated the concern of countries to meet the recommendations of the WTO. However, the WTO can t curb totally opportunistic, because the survey group by FAO / WHO, all countries surveyed responded that Codex standards are relevant, however, in the meetings held by this group countries trade accusations, claiming that they are few who adopt the standards. Understand countries? They recognize the standards, but not adopt! Our theoretical framework helped us understand that the Codex standards, based on science, are important, however, the political power of some countries in international trade is higher. Thus, we conclude that the Codex reflects the asymmetry of power existing in the WTO, demonstrating that often science is subordinated to politics. |
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2016-06-22T18:35:07Z2013-09-052016-06-22T18:35:07Z2013-06-28BORGES, Michelle da Silva. Organização mundial do comércio e Codex Alimentarius: a institucionalização da qualidade no mercado internacional de alimentos. 2013. 180 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Sociais Aplicadas) - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 2013. DOI https://doi.org/10.14393/ufu.te.2013.60https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/13449https://doi.org/10.14393/ufu.te.2013.60In the last decades of the 20th century, trade protectionism got new principles. The international trade experts said that is observed in world trade, currently, a neoprotectionism. What is striking is that some of these new protection mechanisms have gained support, especially society, as are supported by legitimate reasons, for example, regarding the protection of consumer health. However, some countries, especially developing, claim that this new protectionism, despite its legitimacy, continues with the same function: to protect markets. Thus, it appears that from 1947, with the establishment of GATT and through rounds of negotiation, tariff barriers have been reduced significantly, however, at the same time, other forms of trade barriers, more subtle, difficult to identify were created, the calls non-tariff measures. Among these measures, in this thesis, there are the sanitary and phytosanitary measures. What encouraged this research was precisely the paradoxical nature that surrounds this issue, because, on the one hand the sanitary and phytosanitary measures represent serious concerns about the safety and protection of human health and on the other, they also can represent veiled protectionism creating restrictions on international trade. So, ask yourself: how to ensure that such measures are not used indiscriminately by countries? What mechanisms to curb these actions? This thesis aims to demonstrate that with the advent of non-tariff measures, particularly the SPS, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was compelled to create a legal and institutional, to curb opportunistic behavior, because what is happening is that certain countries use the sanitary and phytosanitary measures in an arbitrary and unjustified. The hypothesis that guides this work is that the notifications and harmonization bodies have a key role to ensure that sanitary and phytosanitary measures do not transformem in trade barriers. Increasingly countries are meeting sanitary and phytosanitary standards set by the WTO, through notifications, and participating in international standardization organizations such as the Codex Alimentarius. To prove this hypothesis are used two instruments: the first is to examine the notifications relating to sanitary and phytosanitary measures issued to the WTO, in the period 1995-2011, and the second is the analysis of a questionnaire applied to several countries in the period 2002 by the Joint FAO / WHO Codex Alimentarius. Especially, it is concluded that: in general, the number of reports on matters relating to sanitary and phytosanitary issues, increased, which demonstrated the concern of countries to meet the recommendations of the WTO. However, the WTO can t curb totally opportunistic, because the survey group by FAO / WHO, all countries surveyed responded that Codex standards are relevant, however, in the meetings held by this group countries trade accusations, claiming that they are few who adopt the standards. Understand countries? They recognize the standards, but not adopt! Our theoretical framework helped us understand that the Codex standards, based on science, are important, however, the political power of some countries in international trade is higher. Thus, we conclude that the Codex reflects the asymmetry of power existing in the WTO, demonstrating that often science is subordinated to politics.Nas últimas décadas do século XX, o protecionismo comercial ganhou novos fundamentos. Tanto que especialistas em comércio internacional afirmam que se presencia no comércio mundial, atualmente, um neoprotecionismo. O que chama a atenção é que alguns desses novos mecanismos de proteção ganharam respaldo, principalmente da sociedade, pois se sustentam em fundamentos legítimos, como por exemplo, quanto à proteção da saúde do consumidor. Entretanto, alguns autores afirmam que esse novo protecionismo, apesar de sua legitimidade, continua com a mesma função: proteger mercados. Assim, se verifica que partir de 1947, com a instituição do GATT e por meio das rodadas de negociação, as barreiras tarifárias foram reduzidas significativamente, porém, paralelamente, outras formas de barreiras comerciais, mais sutis, de difícil identificação foram criadas, as chamadas medidas não tarifárias. Entre estas medidas, nesta tese, destacam-se as medidas sanitárias e fitossanitárias. O que instigou esta pesquisa foi justamente o caráter paradoxal que envolve essa temática, pois, se por um lado as medidas sanitárias e fitossanitárias representam preocupações legítimas quanto à segurança e proteção à saúde humana; por outro, elas, também, podem representar um protecionismo velado, criando restrições ao comércio internacional. Portanto, se questiona: como garantir que essas medidas não sejam utilizadas de forma indiscriminada pelos países? Quais mecanismos capazes de coibir essas ações? O presente trabalho se propõe demonstrar que com o advento de novas formas de barreiras comerciais, sobretudo as sanitárias e fitossanitárias, a Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) foi impelida a criar um aparato legal-institucional para coibir as ações oportunistas, pois o que se verifica é que determinados países utilizam as medidas sanitárias e fitossanitárias de forma arbitrária e injustificada. A hipótese que orienta este trabalho é de que as notificações e os organismos de harmonização possuem um papel primordial para garantir que as medidas sanitárias e fitossanitárias não se transformem em barreiras comerciais. Cada vez mais os países estão atendendo as normas sanitárias e fitossanitárias definidas pela OMC, por meio de notificações; e participando de organizações internacionais de harmonização, como o Codex Alimentarius. Para se comprovar esta hipótese utilizam-se dois instrumentos: o primeiro é a análise das notificações referentes às medidas sanitárias e fitossanitárias emitidas à OMC, no período de 1995 a 2011; e o segundo é a análise de um questionário aplicado para diversos países, no ano de 2002, pela Comissão Mista FAO/OMS do Codex Alimentarius. Especialmente, conclui-se que: no geral, o número de notificações, sobre assuntos referentes às questões sanitárias e fitossanitárias, aumentou; demonstrando uma maior preocupação dos países em relação às recomendações da OMC. Entretanto, a OMC não consegue coibir totalmente as ações oportunistas, pois na pesquisa realizada pelo grupo FAO/OMS, todos os países entrevistados responderam que as normas Codex são relevantes, contudo, nas reuniões realizadas por esse grupo os países trocam acusações, afirmando que são poucos os que adotam as normas. Como entender os países? Reconhecem as normas, mas não as adotam! O referencial teórico do institucionalismo nos ajudou a compreender que, as normas Codex, baseadas na ciência, são importantes, entretanto, o poder político de alguns países no comércio internacional é maior, e, que, portanto, muitas vezes, a ciência se subordina à política.Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas GeraisDoutor em Economiaapplication/pdfporUniversidade Federal de UberlândiaPrograma de Pós-graduação em EconomiaUFUBRCiências Sociais AplicadasOrganização Mundial do ComércioBarreiras não tarifáriasAcordo sobre medidas sanitárias e fitossanitáriasCodex AlimentariusComércio internacionalWorld Trade OrganizationBarriers non-tariffSanitary and phytosanitary measuresCNPQ::CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::ECONOMIAOrganização mundial do comércio e Codex Alimentarius: a institucionalização da qualidade no mercado internacional de alimentosinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisOrtega, Antonio Césarhttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4787472E6Belik, Walterhttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783183Y8Hoff, Debora Nayarhttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4773468T9Nascimento, Carlos Alves dohttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4703064A7Balsadi, Otavio Valentimhttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4700245P2http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4746992Z6Borges, Michelle da Silva81762307info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Institucional da UFUinstname:Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU)instacron:UFUTHUMBNAILMichelle da Silva.pdf.jpgMichelle da Silva.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg1226https://repositorio.ufu.br/bitstream/123456789/13449/3/Michelle%20da%20Silva.pdf.jpg20fa4f4761b70ebbc51b82675e1f0ed3MD53ORIGINALMichelle da Silva.pdfapplication/pdf1979370https://repositorio.ufu.br/bitstream/123456789/13449/1/Michelle%20da%20Silva.pdf8352bd19d6c1893c77de1771b08ab69aMD51TEXTMichelle da Silva.pdf.txtMichelle da Silva.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain493011https://repositorio.ufu.br/bitstream/123456789/13449/2/Michelle%20da%20Silva.pdf.txta33b3e5aa51bc1d49947a62f7c842bdcMD52123456789/134492022-08-09 15:25:43.359oai:repositorio.ufu.br:123456789/13449Repositório InstitucionalONGhttp://repositorio.ufu.br/oai/requestdiinf@dirbi.ufu.bropendoar:2022-08-09T18:25:43Repositório Institucional da UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU)false |
dc.title.por.fl_str_mv |
Organização mundial do comércio e Codex Alimentarius: a institucionalização da qualidade no mercado internacional de alimentos |
title |
Organização mundial do comércio e Codex Alimentarius: a institucionalização da qualidade no mercado internacional de alimentos |
spellingShingle |
Organização mundial do comércio e Codex Alimentarius: a institucionalização da qualidade no mercado internacional de alimentos Borges, Michelle da Silva Organização Mundial do Comércio Barreiras não tarifárias Acordo sobre medidas sanitárias e fitossanitárias Codex Alimentarius Comércio internacional World Trade Organization Barriers non-tariff Sanitary and phytosanitary measures CNPQ::CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::ECONOMIA |
title_short |
Organização mundial do comércio e Codex Alimentarius: a institucionalização da qualidade no mercado internacional de alimentos |
title_full |
Organização mundial do comércio e Codex Alimentarius: a institucionalização da qualidade no mercado internacional de alimentos |
title_fullStr |
Organização mundial do comércio e Codex Alimentarius: a institucionalização da qualidade no mercado internacional de alimentos |
title_full_unstemmed |
Organização mundial do comércio e Codex Alimentarius: a institucionalização da qualidade no mercado internacional de alimentos |
title_sort |
Organização mundial do comércio e Codex Alimentarius: a institucionalização da qualidade no mercado internacional de alimentos |
author |
Borges, Michelle da Silva |
author_facet |
Borges, Michelle da Silva |
author_role |
author |
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv |
Ortega, Antonio César |
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4787472E6 |
dc.contributor.referee1.fl_str_mv |
Belik, Walter |
dc.contributor.referee1Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783183Y8 |
dc.contributor.referee2.fl_str_mv |
Hoff, Debora Nayar |
dc.contributor.referee2Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4773468T9 |
dc.contributor.referee3.fl_str_mv |
Nascimento, Carlos Alves do |
dc.contributor.referee3Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4703064A7 |
dc.contributor.referee4.fl_str_mv |
Balsadi, Otavio Valentim |
dc.contributor.referee4Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4700245P2 |
dc.contributor.authorLattes.fl_str_mv |
http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4746992Z6 |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Borges, Michelle da Silva |
contributor_str_mv |
Ortega, Antonio César Belik, Walter Hoff, Debora Nayar Nascimento, Carlos Alves do Balsadi, Otavio Valentim |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Organização Mundial do Comércio Barreiras não tarifárias Acordo sobre medidas sanitárias e fitossanitárias Codex Alimentarius Comércio internacional |
topic |
Organização Mundial do Comércio Barreiras não tarifárias Acordo sobre medidas sanitárias e fitossanitárias Codex Alimentarius Comércio internacional World Trade Organization Barriers non-tariff Sanitary and phytosanitary measures CNPQ::CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::ECONOMIA |
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv |
World Trade Organization Barriers non-tariff Sanitary and phytosanitary measures |
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv |
CNPQ::CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::ECONOMIA |
description |
In the last decades of the 20th century, trade protectionism got new principles. The international trade experts said that is observed in world trade, currently, a neoprotectionism. What is striking is that some of these new protection mechanisms have gained support, especially society, as are supported by legitimate reasons, for example, regarding the protection of consumer health. However, some countries, especially developing, claim that this new protectionism, despite its legitimacy, continues with the same function: to protect markets. Thus, it appears that from 1947, with the establishment of GATT and through rounds of negotiation, tariff barriers have been reduced significantly, however, at the same time, other forms of trade barriers, more subtle, difficult to identify were created, the calls non-tariff measures. Among these measures, in this thesis, there are the sanitary and phytosanitary measures. What encouraged this research was precisely the paradoxical nature that surrounds this issue, because, on the one hand the sanitary and phytosanitary measures represent serious concerns about the safety and protection of human health and on the other, they also can represent veiled protectionism creating restrictions on international trade. So, ask yourself: how to ensure that such measures are not used indiscriminately by countries? What mechanisms to curb these actions? This thesis aims to demonstrate that with the advent of non-tariff measures, particularly the SPS, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was compelled to create a legal and institutional, to curb opportunistic behavior, because what is happening is that certain countries use the sanitary and phytosanitary measures in an arbitrary and unjustified. The hypothesis that guides this work is that the notifications and harmonization bodies have a key role to ensure that sanitary and phytosanitary measures do not transformem in trade barriers. Increasingly countries are meeting sanitary and phytosanitary standards set by the WTO, through notifications, and participating in international standardization organizations such as the Codex Alimentarius. To prove this hypothesis are used two instruments: the first is to examine the notifications relating to sanitary and phytosanitary measures issued to the WTO, in the period 1995-2011, and the second is the analysis of a questionnaire applied to several countries in the period 2002 by the Joint FAO / WHO Codex Alimentarius. Especially, it is concluded that: in general, the number of reports on matters relating to sanitary and phytosanitary issues, increased, which demonstrated the concern of countries to meet the recommendations of the WTO. However, the WTO can t curb totally opportunistic, because the survey group by FAO / WHO, all countries surveyed responded that Codex standards are relevant, however, in the meetings held by this group countries trade accusations, claiming that they are few who adopt the standards. Understand countries? They recognize the standards, but not adopt! Our theoretical framework helped us understand that the Codex standards, based on science, are important, however, the political power of some countries in international trade is higher. Thus, we conclude that the Codex reflects the asymmetry of power existing in the WTO, demonstrating that often science is subordinated to politics. |
publishDate |
2013 |
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv |
2013-09-05 2016-06-22T18:35:07Z |
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv |
2013-06-28 |
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2016-06-22T18:35:07Z |
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BORGES, Michelle da Silva. Organização mundial do comércio e Codex Alimentarius: a institucionalização da qualidade no mercado internacional de alimentos. 2013. 180 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Sociais Aplicadas) - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 2013. DOI https://doi.org/10.14393/ufu.te.2013.60 |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/13449 |
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https://doi.org/10.14393/ufu.te.2013.60 |
identifier_str_mv |
BORGES, Michelle da Silva. Organização mundial do comércio e Codex Alimentarius: a institucionalização da qualidade no mercado internacional de alimentos. 2013. 180 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Sociais Aplicadas) - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 2013. DOI https://doi.org/10.14393/ufu.te.2013.60 |
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https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/13449 https://doi.org/10.14393/ufu.te.2013.60 |
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