Extração do óleo de sementes de crambe (Crambe abyssinica) empregando propano subcrítico: caracterização do óleo e farelo

• Ano de defesa: 2014
• Autor(a) principal: Santos, Kátia Andressa
• Orientador(a): Silva, Edson Antônio Alves da
• Banca de defesa: Palú, Fernando , Schneider, Ricardo , Borba, Carlos Eduardo
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Instituição de defesa: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná; Toledo
• Programa de Pós-Graduação: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química
• Departamento: Centro de Engenharias e Ciências Exatas
• País: BR
• Palavras-chave em Português: Crambe abyssinica; Óleo; Extração com propano subcrítico; Farelo
• Palavras-chave em Inglês: Oil; Extraction using subcritical propane; Bran
• Área do conhecimento CNPq: ENGENHARIA QUIMICA::PROCESSOS INDUSTRIAIS DE ENGENHARIA QUIMICA
• Link de acesso: http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1852

Crambe (Crambe abyssinica) is an oilseed with high content of oil rich in erucic acid, a fatty acid with industrial application. In the extraction of vegetable oils are traditionally employed methods such as pressing and/or organic solvents, which are known to have several inconvenient. Within this context, this work aims to evaluate the use of propane in subcritical conditions in obtaining crambe oil, comparing the yields and characteristics of the oil obtained by this technique to oil produced by the conventional method with organic solvents hexane and dichloromethane. A 22 factorial design was employed to evaluate the effects of temperature and pressure on the yield of extraction with subcritical propane being used in experiments at temperatures between 40 and 80 oC and pressures between 80 and 160 bar, with a fixed solvent flow rate of 1.6 x10 -3 kg min- 1 and the total extraction time of 80 minutes. Mathematical modeling of the kinetics of subcritical extraction was also performed using the model of Sovová. Crambe oil was characterized as the total fatty acids, free glycerol compounds and levels of tocopherols profile. Also, calorimetric analyzes were performed to determine the oxidative stability of the oil and its melting point. In seeds and bran were determined their chemical composition and contents of phenolic compounds. The results confirmed the high fat seeds of crambe, and obtained yields of 51 and 48% in extractions with dichloromethane and hexane, respectively. In subcritical propane extraction, temperature was the only variable that had an effect on the response, with the highest yield (32.8%) obtained in the condition of 80 °C and 160 bar. The different experimental conditions revealed no significant differences in total, at a significance level of 5% fatty acid profile, and these consist mainly of monounsaturated fatty acids, such as erucic acid (56.72 to 59.38%). In the free fraction glycerol, free fatty acids content below 2% and among the phytosterols, β-sitosterol beyond and campesterol was possible to identify and quantify the brassicasterol, characteristic of the family to which belongs the crambe. Regarding tocopherols, crambe oil extracted with subcritical propane showed high levels of these compounds, especially γ -tocopherol, which directly focused on the oxidative stability. The bran extraction residue, was found to be a source of protein and potential antioxidants, such as phenolic. As for the mathematical modeling, the model Sovová satisfactorily represented the experimental data in all conditions employed.