Phylogeny of Xiphocentronidae Ross, 1949 and taxonomy of Neotropical Xiphocentroninae (Trichoptera: Annulipalpia: Psychomyioidea)

• Ano de defesa: 2020
• Autor(a) principal: Silva, Albane Vilarino Santos da
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: eng
• Instituição de defesa: Biblioteca Digitais de Teses e Dissertações da USP
• Palavras-chave em Português: Aquatic insects; Caddisflies; Comparative morphology; Inferência filogenética; Insetos aquáticos; Larvas tubícolas; Machairocentron; Morfologia comparada; Parcimônia com pesagem; Phylogenetic inference; Tricópteros; Tube-dweller larvae; Weighted parsimony; Xiphocentron
• Link de acesso: https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-17062021-183329/

The Psychomyioidea are the most diverse annulipalpian clade comprising 7 families and about 2.200 species. The larvae construct short silken retreats or long galleries covered with sand and detritus. The net-tube caddisfly families Xiphocentronidae Ross, 1949 (185 species and 7 genera) and Psychomyidae Walker, 1852 (8 genera, 608 spp.) have their phylogenetic proximity undisputed, sharing many adult and larval characters and being most of times placed as sister-taxa. The monophyly of Xiphocentronidae including the genus Proxiphocentron (Proxiphocentroninae) is based on genitalia characters, since Proxiphocentron lack much of the autoapomorphies of the other Xiphocentronidae, having a plesiomorphic wing venation and body characters like in Psychomyiidae. The placement of Xiphocentronidae as a distinct evolutionary lineage from Psychomyidae has been subject to debate, and the synonymization with Psychomyidae was already proposed in the past. The family status of Xiphocentronidae was restated by Schmid in 1982 that established the present taxonomic organization of the family. The description of the larvae of the psychomyid Eoneureclipsis that present foreleg tibia and tarsus fused as in Xiphocentronidae larvae, brought additional doubt about the evolutionary relationship between Xiphocentronidae and Psychomyiidae. In this study we investigated the relationship of Xiphocentronidae and Psychomyiidae through a parsimony morphological phylogeny (106 species, 168 characters). Has the aim of proposing a first phylogeny for Xiphocentronidae; testing the hypotheses of monophyly of the families; and infering the evolutionary relations of the established groups. The monophyly of Psychomyiidae, as currently defined, was rejected without including Xiphocentronidae. Being Xiphocentronidae lowered to subfamily level. Among the subfamilies previously established for Psychomyiidae, Eoneureclipsinae (Eoneureclipsis) was recovered as the first cladogenesis of family. The monophyly of Psychomyiinae (Metalype, Paduniella and Psychomyiia) was also recovered under implied weighting but not Tinodinae (Tinodes, Lype), with Lype placed as a clade right after Eoneureclipsis, and Tinodes as sister group of the xiphocentronids. The fossil genus Palerasnitsynus from early Cretaceous was placed at within the Xiphocentroninae, and the Australian genus Zelandoptila was placed as an Ecnomidae as shown in previous molecular phylogenies. The monophyly of Xiphocentron and Cnodocentron was not recovered. In addition to the phylogeny, species-level revisions for Machairocentron and Xiphocentron species from Brazil were also presented; including morphological data on species polymorphism, comparative illustrations, new species, new distribution records, ii and species keys. In the revision of Xiphocentron from Brazil X. steffeni (Marlier, 1964) and X. ilionea Schmid are redescribed. Additional 5 new species are described: X. sp.n. 1 (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo). X. sp.n. 2 (Goiás, Mato Grosso), X. sp.n. 3 (Paraná), X. sp.n. 4 (Santa Catarina), X. sp.n. 5 (Santa Catarina). New state records of X. acqualume, X. jaguare, X. kamakan, X. maracanan, and X. steffeni are presented. In the revision of the genus Machairocentron, M. ascanius Schmid, M. echinatum (Flint), M. falciforme Pes & Hamada, M. lucumon Schmid, M. tarpeia Schmid, and M. teucrus Schmid are redescribed and illustrated based on type specimens. Two new species from Costa Rica, M. chorotegae sp.n. and M. eugeniarguedasae sp.n., and one from Venezuela, M. kalinae sp.n., are described. This study is the first attempt to provide a hypothesis of the xiphocentronids relationship, bringing new insights about the Psychomyiidae evolution, as well as new questions about their evolutionary history.